A Comprehensive Guide to New York Gems
Intro
Gems have captivated humans for millennia. Their allure blends beauty, rarity, and the fascinating stories they tell. New York, known for its vibrant culture and rich history, also boasts a diverse array of gemstones. This guide is designed for rock and fossil collectors, providing insights into New York's gems, including their geological origins, types, and tips for effective collecting.
Through this exploration, readers will discover not only the physical characteristics of various gems but also their historical and cultural significance. Collecting gems can be a rewarding pursuit, allowing enthusiasts to build personal collections that reflect not just the physical aspect of the stones but their stories as well.
Featured Collectible of the Month
Overview
This month’s featured collectible is the New York Garnet. Known for its vibrant red hues and notable clarity, garnet is a popular gem amongst collectors. New York garnets, particularly those found in the Adirondack Mountains, display unique characteristics that make them stand out from garnets found elsewhere. Their formation is rooted in the metamorphic processes that occurred over millions of years, giving collectors not just a striking stone but a piece of geological history.
Historical Significance
Garnets were first documented in New York in the early 19th century. These stones were utilized for various purposes, ranging from jewelry to industrial abrasives. The discovery and popularity of garnets led to a surge in mining activities in the state, particularly during the mid-1800s when gems were integral in both local economies and personal adornments. Today, New York garnets remain a testament to the state's geological wealth, serving as a connection to the past while continuing to be a sought-after collectible.
Identification Techniques
Visual Characteristics
Identifying gemstones requires attention to detail. For garnets, look for the following characteristics:
- Color: Primarily deep red, but can also appear in yellow, green, or orange shades.
- Luster: Garnets typically exhibit a vitreous to resinous luster.
- Clarity: High-quality garnets show minimal inclusions, enhancing their desirability.
Understanding these features helps distinguish New York garnets from similar stones.
Resources for Identification
To aid in identifying gems, consider utilizing these resources:
- Gem Mineral Symposia: Annual events where enthusiasts gather to share knowledge and identify specimens.
- Online Forums: Places like Reddit or Facebook groups focused on gem collecting can provide advice and insight from seasoned collectors.
- Books and Guides: Reference books focused on gemstones can further assist individuals in their identification efforts.
"Knowledge of gemstone characteristics is essential for any collector. Each stone tells a unique story, and identifying them allows you to preserve that legacy."
This guide serves as an essential starting point for those interested in gem collecting in New York, expanding both knowledge and appreciation of these geological treasures.
Foreword to Gems in New York
This section emphasizes the rich history and diverse types of gemstones in New York. Understanding gems in this state is essential for collectors, historians, and enthusiasts alike. The significance of New York's gemology extends beyond mere aesthetics. It intertwines with the geological evolution and cultural narratives of the region. Collectors looking to enhance their collections will find various gems that reflect New York's geological past.
Overview of New York Gemology
New York, known for its vibrant cities and beautiful landscapes, also has a hidden gem—its geology. The state is home to a myriad of gemstones, formed over millions of years through complex geological processes. Granite, metamorphic rocks, and sedimentary layers all contribute to the variety of gems found in the region. Common types include garnets, tourmaline, and quartz. Each of these stones holds unique characteristics shaped by their formation environments.
For enthusiasts, understanding the local geology helps in identifying where to collect. This region is rich in minerals, and knowing the geological context unlocks the potential for finds. The characteristics of these gems vary; for example, garnets tend to display vibrant reds while tourmalines can showcase a spectrum of colors. Geology clubs and universities often conduct studies and workshops on these subjects, offering insights into the processes that result in such remarkable mineral diversity.
Importance of Gems in Cultural History
Gems possess great cultural significance in New York's history. From the time of indigenous peoples to modern collectors, gemstones have played a role in storytelling and identity. For instance, the Iroquois tribes valued certain stones for their spiritual attributes. Logic dictates that the appreciation of such stones reflects deeper connections to the land and its resources.
In contemporary times, gemstones have become symbols of wealth, status, and connection to nature. This evolving narrative highlights the gems' transformation of their utility over centuries. Museums and exhibitions, such as the American Museum of Natural History, showcase both gems and their cultural stories. These institutions emphasize how gems can enlighten us about past civilizations, trade routes, and technological advancements in gem processing.
"Gems are not just beautiful; they encapsulate the story of the earth and our history with it."
As societal values change, so too does the perception of gemstones. Their historical importance shapes the current collecting practices, prompting enthusiasts to not only seek beauty but also to appreciate the narratives that gems convey. Understanding this cultural context allows collectors to engage more meaningfully with their acquisitions, enriching both the collecting experience and personal connection to the artifacts.
Geological Context of New York
Understanding the geological context of New York is crucial for any gem enthusiast. The state's diverse geology creates a unique environment for gem formation and discovery. This section focuses on how varying geological processes shape the types of gems available in New York and the benefits of knowing these processes for collectors and professionals alike.
Geologically, New York is characterized by its complex history, influenced by events like glaciation, volcanic activity, and orogeny. Knowing the historical and geological background provides collectors with insight into the best practices for finding and extracting gems. This region is rich in minerals thanks to its variegated geological formations which house everything from quartz to garnet.
Formation of Gemstones in the Region
The processes responsible for gemstone formation in New York stem from both igneous and sedimentary actions. Over millions of years, as tectonic movements occurred, different rock types formed. These formations often contain minerals that can crystallize into beautiful gemstones.
Key points about gemstone formation include:
- Igneous Activity: Many gems form from volcanic activity where magma cools and crystallizes underground. Minerals such as amethyst are found during these processes.
- Metamorphic Processes: Intense heat and pressure transform existing rocks into new types of stone that may house valuable gems.
- Sedimentary Environments: Rivers and glaciers transport materials, contributing to the accumulation of gem-bearing sediments.
This geological mix explains why a variety of gems can be found in New York. A solid grasp of these concepts is vital for collectors aiming to discover specific types.
Major Geological Regions for Gem Collecting
New York's geological regions are critical when considering gem collecting. Each area has distinct characteristics that influence which gemstones can be found there. Here are a few significant regions:
- Adirondack Mountains: This area is a hotspot for finding minerals like garnet and kyanite due to its metamorphic rock formations. Collectors often explore this rugged terrain due to its rich deposits.
- Catskills: Famous for its diverse sedimentary layers, this region contains various minerals, including calcite and quartz. It's accessible, making it popular among beginners and experts.
- Hudson Valley: This region showcases geological diversity with pockets of precious stones and minerals, such as jasper and agate.
"The geological regions of New York offer a roadmap to enthusiasts seeking specific gemstones. Understanding these areas enhances the collecting experience."
The study of New York’s geological context not only informs collectors about potential finds but also deeply enriches their appreciation of the Earth’s dynamic processes. For anyone serious about gem collecting, this knowledge becomes an essential tool.
Types of Gems Found in New York
Understanding the types of gems found in New York is essential for enthusiasts and collectors alike. This section dives into the unique characteristics of precious and semi-precious gemstones that can be discovered within the state's diverse geological framework. The significance of recognizing these gems not only enhances one’s collecting experience but also connects individuals to the historical and cultural narratives embedded in each stone.
Precious Gems and Their Characteristics
New York is home to several precious gemstones, each with distinct features that appeal to collectors. Among the most notable are diamonds, emeralds, and sapphires.
The allure of precious gems lies not just in their beauty but also in their rarity and value, which can significantly fluctuate over time.
Diamonds originated in the area surrounding Lake George, known for its unique geological conditions conducive to diamond formation. These white, sparkling stones are prized for their clarity and size.
Emeralds, though rarer, find their origins in the Adirondack Mountains. Their green hue captivates many, making them sought-after items for collectors. Their quality is determined primarily by clarity and color saturation.
Sapphires are typically associated with varying colors, most commonly blue, but can also be found in yellow, pink, and green. Found in the Hudson Valley, sapphires are distinguished by their hardness, coming in just below diamonds on the Mohs scale.
In addition to beauty, collectors must appreciate the characteristics that enhance a gem's value, such as:
- Color: The more vivid the hue, the better.
- Clarity: Fewer inclusions typically lead to higher value.
- Cut: A well-executed cut can enhance a gem's brilliance.
Semi-Precious Gems Unique to the Region
In addition to the sought-after precious gems, New York hosts a variety of semi-precious gems. This diversity offers a rich field for collectors to explore and seek unique specimens.
Among the most notable semi-precious gemstones are garnets, amethysts, and tourmalines. Each possesses unique traits and historical contexts.
Garnets, particularly almandine garnets, are readily found in areas like the Garnet Hill. Their deep red color is striking and they are often used in jewelry and industrial applications.
Amethysts, known for their purple tones, can be located in several locations, including the Catskills. Their striking color comes from the presence of iron and gives them a captivating appearance.
Tourmalines come in a spectrum of colors, which adds to their appeal. Notably, the multi-colored tourmalines found around Mahopac attract collectors and jewelers alike due to their unique appearances and patterns.
Collectors should also be attentive to:
- Local sources: Knowledge of where to find these gems can enhance the collecting experience.
- Potential values: Amethyst and garnet can vary in value based on clarity and size.
- Market trends: Being aware of market interest in specific types can guide purchasing decisions.
In summary, the types of gems found in New York offer a rich landscape for collectors. Understanding both the characteristics of these gems and their origins can provide deeper appreciation and insight into the fascinating world of gem collecting.
Notable Gem Locations in New York
Understanding notable gem locations in New York is crucial for collectors and enthusiasts. These sites not only offer opportunities for physical collection but also serve as rich educational resources about local geology and gemology. Each location has a unique history and set of characteristics that enhance the overall experience of collecting. Knowing where to go can lead to remarkable finds and can also introduce collectors to communities that share their passion. In this section, we will delve into both famous mines and quarries, along with public access sites where collectors can actively engage in their hobby.
Famous Mines and Quarries
New York State is home to several significant mines and quarries that have been central to gem collection and amateur geology. Among the most notable is the Herkimer Diamond Mines located in Herkimer County. Known for their unique double-terminated quartz crystals, Herkimer diamonds have attracted collectors from all over the world. The mines allow visitors to dig for these crystals, providing an immersing experience.
Another important site is the Keck Observatory situated in the Adirondacks. This quarry has yielded some fascinating specimens, including garnet and other minerals. This site is often visited by both serious collectors and casual enthusiasts, offering guided tours and hands-on activities.
Cornwall Mine is another prominent location. Specifically noted for its deposits of iron pyrite and other minerals, Cornwall offers visitors a glimpse into the mining practices of the past. The historic value adds to the charm of exploring this site.
For those interested in learning more about these locations, it is recommended to check local forums on platforms like reddit.com to see recent experiences and tips from other collectors.
Public Access Sites for Collectors
Public access sites are essential for those who wish to engage in gem collecting without the constraints of commercial mining operations. These locations offer a more laid-back and social environment for amateur gemologists to dig and explore.
Thompson Park near Watertown is a excellent example. This area has designated collecting zones where individuals can search for quartz, agate, and other semi-precious stones. There are clear guidelines on what can be collected, ensuring responsible practices.
Another noteworthy site is Clark Reservation State Park. This park not only offers beautiful landscapes but also access to sites where one can find fossils and local minerals. The park's regulations allow for small collections, making it accessible for families and newcomers to gem collecting.
Lastly, the Hudson Highlands State Park provides a unique opportunity for rock and mineral collecting. It includes diverse geological formations that yield quartz, calcite, and various pegmatites.
"Visiting public access sites enriches the collecting experience and fosters connections within the community."
These public sites often have community events throughout the year, which allow collectors to share knowledge and finds. Joining local gem clubs can also provide additional benefits, such as organized trips and collective educational experiences.
Techniques for Gem Collecting
Gem collecting is an intricate hobby that requires both patience and knowledge. The techniques you use can greatly influence your success in discovering and collecting valuable stones. Understanding these techniques ensures you are prepared for the challenges presented during your expeditions. Moreover, they enhance the overall experience, allowing you to connect with the natural world in a profound way.
Essential Tools for Collectors
When collecting gems, having the right tools is crucial. Here are some essential items every gem collector should consider:
- Pickaxe: Useful for breaking through hard rock.
- Shovel: Ideal for moving soil and dirt.
- Trowel: A smaller tool for detailed digging.
- Sieve: Helps in separating dirt from smaller stones.
- Hand Lens or Loupe: For close examination of mineral characteristics.
- Hammer: Useful for cracking open rock.
- Bucket: To carry your findings or dirt.
These tools not only aid in locating gems but also ensure that collectors can work efficiently and safely. Always remember to prioritize safety equipment, such as gloves and goggles. The joy of finding a rare stone often outweighs the physical effort involved.
Identifying and Excavating Gems
Identifying gems in their natural environment requires both skill and knowledge. Many stones possess similar appearances, making it essential to understand their properties. Collectors should study gemstones’ colors, shapes, and hardness before heading out. Tools like a hand lens can aid in examining their true nature.
Once you have identified a likely area, the excavation process begins. Start by removing the top layer of soil carefully. For larger gems, it may be necessary to use a pickaxe or hammer. Always work meticulously, as gems can be fragile and easily broken. If the soil is too compact, soaking it with water may help loosen it for easier excavation.
"Success in gem collecting lies not just in the find, but in knowing how to find it."
Utilize a sieve to filter smaller stones from the dirt. This helps avoid unnecessary digging and focuses your efforts on areas where gems might be included. Additionally, every site has its unique geological characteristics, so be observant. The understanding of how to locate within different terrains is imperative for successful collecting.
By employing these techniques, collectors enhance their efficiency and enjoyment. Whether you are a seasoned collector or a beginner, knowing how to use the right tools and excavation techniques will significantly improve your chances of uncovering hidden gems.
Care and Preservation of Gems
In the world of gem collecting, understanding the care and preservation of gems is crucial. Proper handling and storage can extend a gemstone's life and maintain its beauty. Gemstones can be delicate and sensitive to physical and environmental factors. Thus, collectors must embrace thoughtful practices to protect their treasures.
Best Practices for Gem Storage
Gem storage is the foundation of preservation. Here are best practices to follow:
- Soft Linings: Use soft cloths or padded boxes to line the storage space. This minimizes scratches when the gems rub against surfaces.
- Separate Compartments: Store gems separately to prevent them from contacting one another. Using a jewelry box with different compartments can help avoid damage.
- Controlled Environment: Aim for stable temperature and humidity levels. Avoid overly hot or humid spaces, as excess moisture can lead to tarnishing or growth of mold.
- Avoid Direct Sunlight: Long exposure to sunlight can fade some gemstones. Store items in a dark or shaded place when not in use.
- Use Anti-Tarnish Strips: These can be placed in storage to absorb moisture and keep items shining without oxidation.
Adhering to these practices not only protects physical integrity but also maximizes market value.
Cleaning and Maintenance Techniques
Cleanliness contributes to the aesthetic appeal of gemstones. Here are effective cleaning and maintenance techniques:
- Gentle Cleaning Solution: Mix mild soap with lukewarm water to create a gentle cleaning solution. Avoid harsh chemicals, as they can damage the stone's surface.
- Soft Brushes: Use a soft-bristled toothbrush or a makeup brush to gently scrub the gemstone. This helps remove dirt from hard-to-reach areas without damaging the surface.
- Rinse Thoroughly: After cleaning, rinse the gem under lukewarm water to remove soap residue. Ensure no leftover chemicals linger, as they might affect the gemstone over time.
- Natural Air Drying: Allow gems to dry naturally in a cool place. Avoid using heat sources, as they can lead to cracks or other damage.
- Regular Checks: Frequently inspect your collection. Look for signs of wear or environmental damage. Early detection can prevent more extensive issues later.
Proper care is not just preservation; it's an investment into the longevity and value of your collection.
In essence, maintaining the value and beauty of gemstone collection requires awareness and adherence to established practices. With careful attention to storage and cleaning routines, collectors can enjoy their gems for years to come.
The Trade and Market for Gems in New York
The trade and market for gems in New York represents a significant aspect of both the local economy and the global gemology scene. This market not only highlights the rich history of gems in the state but also demonstrates the evolving landscape for collectors and investors alike. Understanding this environment is essential for any enthusiast interested in the multifaceted world of gemstone collecting.
Engaging in the trade provides collectors with access to an abundance of choices. New York is home to numerous gem shows and trade events throughout the year. These events gather thousands of buyers and sellers, creating a vibrant marketplace. Collectors can see an array of gems, meet reliable dealers, and build a network with fellow enthusiasts. Additionally, these gatherings often feature educational sessions, allowing collectors to learn about trends, techniques, and the complexities of the gem market.
Another critical factor is the evaluation of gem value. Understanding how to assess the worth of gems is crucial for collectors who want to invest wisely. Knowledge of factors such as the gem's quality, rarity, and market demand will directly impact investment decisions. Being informed also plays a key role in the trade, as it equips collectors to negotiate effectively and identify genuine opportunities. This ongoing education is vital for sustained success in the gem market.
"The value of a gemstone is not just in its beauty, but also in its story and provenance."
In summary, the trade and market for gems in New York is an intricate world filled with opportunities and challenges. It caters to collectors at all levels, proving beneficial for networking, learning, and investment purposes. For serious hobbyists and collectors, this market serves as a launchpad for deeper involvement in the captivating realm of gemology.
Gem Shows and Trade Events
Gem shows and trade events in New York encompass a diverse range of gatherings that appeal to enthusiasts and collectors. These events are held in different venues, attracting vendors from around the country and, in some cases, from abroad. Notable events, such as the New York Antique Jewelry & Watch Show and the International Gem & Jewelry Show, provide collectors access to exceptional finds.
Participating in these shows can lead to discovering rare gems not easily found elsewhere. Additionally, attendees often benefit from exclusive deals and discounts that vendors offer during these gatherings. Beyond shopping, these events also foster a community spirit among participants, encouraging sharing of knowledge and experiences.
It's important for collectors to prepare before attending gem shows. Some key considerations include:
- Research: Know which dealers and vendors will be present.
- Budgeting: Set a clear budget to avoid impulsive purchases.
- Questions: Prepare inquiries about the gems of interest, such as origin and treatment methods.
- Networking: Bring business cards to connect with vendors and other collectors.
These gatherings are ideal for enhancing one's understanding of the gem market and for forming valuable relationships that can advance one's collection goals.
Evaluating the Value of Gems
Evaluating the value of gems requires careful consideration of multiple factors. Collectors should assess each stone based on criteria like clarity, color, cut, and carat weight, often referred to as the "Four Cs" of gemstone assessment. Each of these characteristics plays a vital role in determining a gemstone's market value.
Furthermore, the rarity of a gem significantly influences its price. For instance, stones such as emeralds or rubies may command higher prices than more common gems like quartz, due to their limited supply. Collectors should also keep abreast of market trends, as demand can fluctuate based on fashion and investment interests.
Additionally, provenance is an essential factor for established collectors. Gems with a documented history or those associated with notable figures may carry a premium. It's helpful to seek independent appraisals from certified gemologists to confirm the value of your collection or when considering a purchase.
Understanding the intricacies of gem evaluation empowers collectors to navigate the market with confidence. It also helps in making informed decisions, ensuring that investments align with personal goals and interests.
Environmental Regulations and Ethical Sourcing
Understanding Legal Guidelines
The regulations surrounding gem collecting in New York are not just bureaucratic formalities; they carry significant implications for both the environment and gem enthusiasts. New York has enacted specific laws designed to protect its geological resources. Collectors must familiarize themselves with these legal guidelines to ensure that their activities remain compliant with state laws and respect local ecosystems.
Various state agencies oversee these regulations. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) provides guidance on where and how collectors can responsibly acquire gems. Often, sites may require permits, especially for larger excavation activities. Additionally, certain areas may be designated as protected, warranting a complete prohibition on gem mining to preserve natural habitats and geological features.
Educating oneself about these regulations not only safeguards the environment but also enhances the collector's integrity. By adhering to the legal requirements, collectors help to maintain a balance between their passion for gems and the ecological integrity of the regions from which they collect.
Promoting Sustainable Practices
Sustainable practices in gem collecting are essential for protecting the environment and ensuring that future generations can enjoy these natural wonders. Collectors should consider the following strategies to promote sustainability:
- Selective Collecting: Focus on collecting stones that are naturally shed rather than those that require invasive excavation.
- Respect Local Wildlife: When collecting in natural habitats, be aware of local wildlife and avoid disturbing their ecosystems.
- Join Conservation Efforts: Collaborate with local environmental groups that work towards conservation and education.
These practices are not just beneficial for the environment but can also add value to the collecting experience. Collectors who engage in sustainable practices demonstrate a commitment to preserving the natural world, enhancing their reputation within the gem-collecting community.
“Adopting sustainable practices is more than a duty; it reflects the respect we have for the gems that nature provides.”
Community and Resources for Gem Enthusiasts
The journey of gem collecting is not just about the stones themselves; it’s about the people who share in the passion. Community plays a vital role in the growth and development of gem enthusiasts. Connections among collectors can help deepen knowledge, share experiences, and promote the enjoyment of this captivating hobby.
Finding Like-Minded Collectors
The first step in nurturing this sense of community is to locate like-minded collectors. Local gem clubs, geological societies, and mineralogical associations offer ideal platforms for individuals to meet and exchange information. These groups often organize events, mine explorations, and educational sessions. Participation in such activities encourages members to connect and share their expertise.
Many collectors find value in social media platforms, such as Facebook and Reddit. For instance, certain Facebook groups specialize in gemology and collecting. One can post inquiries, share finds, or simply chat with others about their latest discoveries. Reddit also hosts channels where collectors discuss various topics, from the technical aspects of gem identification to marketplaces for buying or selling.
Here are some avenues to consider when searching for fellow collectors:
- Local Gem Clubs: Many regions in New York have organizations that meet regularly.
- Online Forums: Websites dedicated to mineralogy can provide a wealth of information and community support.
- Gem Shows: Attending events allows for networking and directly engaging with other enthusiasts.
Establishing friendships and connections often leads to better learning opportunities and even collaboration on special projects. Collectors with diverse backgrounds can bring unique insights into the world of gems.
Online Outlets for Buying and Selling Gems
The digital age has transformed how collectors trade gems. Online platforms simplify the process of buying and selling, broadening the reach for enthusiasts. Websites like eBay and Etsy provide online marketplaces where collectors can showcase their inventory.
In addition, specialized sites like Gem Rock Auctions or the Natural History Museum's online store feature curated selections from trusted sellers. This reduces the risks associated with purchasing valuable stones online.
When using these online outlets, consider the following tips:
- Research Sellers: Always look for reviews and confirmation of trustworthiness.
- Check Return Policies: Understanding the policies can protect against unsatisfactory purchases.
- Verify Authenticity: If possible, ensure that gems come with certificates or other proof of authenticity.
Online platforms have made it easier than ever for gem collectors to connect, trade, and grow their collections.
Navigating the online world safely and effectively opens opportunities to enhance one’s collection, making the thrill of gem collecting even more enjoyable.
In summary, finding community and utilizing online platforms are two crucial elements in the realm of gem collecting. They help build a supportive environment, empowering collectors to flourish in their pursuits.
Epilogue: Engaging with New York Gems
Understanding the world of gems in New York is more than a hobby for many; it is an adventure into history and geology. This guide has detailed various aspects of gem collecting, from historical significance to the types available in the region. Each section has explored how New York's unique geological features create a fertile ground for gemstone diversity. Collectors are now better equipped not only to find these treasures but also to appreciate their intricate backstories.
The future of gem collecting in New York is bright, owing to a growing interest in sustainable practices and ethical sourcing. As awareness escalates about the environmental impacts of mining, more collectors are likely to seek responsibly sourced gems. New York's regulations around gem collecting and sales are adapting to support this positive shift in community values. Thus, as a collector, one should remain vigilant and informed about these developments.
"The gems of New York not only provide aesthetic and financial value; they are also a connection to the earth's natural history."
The Future of Gem Collecting in New York
The landscape of gem collecting in New York is ever-evolving. With increasing technological advancements, tools for discovering and evaluating stones are improving. Online platforms now allow for virtual trade shows where collectors can connect across distances. The interest in gems is expanding due to social media, which showcases the beauty and potential of gemstones to a wider audience.
Moreover, local communities are forming around the shared passion for gemology. Clubs and organizations are popping up, focusing on education, preservation, and enthusiastic collecting. As a result, new collectors will likely find mentorship opportunities and resources that were scarce in the past. Thus, engagement with these communities plays a crucial role in continuing this tradition.
Encouraging Continuous Learning and Appreciation
To truly engage with the world of gems, continuous learning is essential. New York offers a wealth of resources, from local gem shows to lectures and workshops. Attending these events fosters knowledge and creates connections among enthusiasts. Striving to understand the science behind each gem type enriches the collecting experience considerably.
Collectors should also take advantage of online forums and social media groups such as those found on platforms like Reddit and Facebook. Here, one can discuss best practices, exchange tips, and share stories about recent finds. This communal learning environment ensures that both novice and experienced collectors thrive.
